{
  "schemaVersion": 1,
  "kind": "event",
  "id": "revelation-four-horsemen",
  "era": "revelation",
  "order": 504,
  "title": "The first four seals: the horsemen",
  "group": "rev-seals",
  "date": {
    "kind": "relative",
    "label": "Revelation 6 · reading sequence",
    "note": "This is the order of the book. It does not assign a calendar date to a vision or choose one scheme of fulfillment."
  },
  "summary": "The Lamb opens four seals and riders on white, red, black and pale horses appear. Conquest, warfare, scarcity and death bring devastation under limits stated in the vision.",
  "context": "The fourth rider is explicitly named Death, followed by Hades; the others are recognized through their actions and equipment. The white rider’s identity is disputed, so the atlas does not simply equate him with Christ or a particular modern ruler. The grain prices and protected oil and wine belong to the portrayal of scarcity. Authority over a fourth of the earth indicates the bounded scope stated here. Neither the horses nor their effects form a geographic itinerary.",
  "question": "What kinds of vulnerability do the four riders expose, and who opens the seals?",
  "locationNote": "Visionary setting; no geographic pin or route. The background map shows the historical recipients in western Asia Minor, not the location of this vision.",
  "relatedNote": "These readings illuminate biblical language and themes. Connections do not by themselves settle the timing or every interpretation of the vision.",
  "passages": [
    {
      "reference": "Revelation 6:1–8",
      "range": [
        66006001,
        66006008
      ],
      "translation": "bsb",
      "url": "https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation%206%3A1%E2%80%938&version=BSB",
      "availability": "bundled",
      "verses": [
        {
          "book": "Revelation",
          "chapter": 6,
          "verse": 1,
          "text": "Then I watched as the Lamb opened one of the seven seals, and I heard one of the four living creatures say in a voice like thunder, “Come!”"
        },
        {
          "book": "Revelation",
          "chapter": 6,
          "verse": 2,
          "text": "So I looked and saw a white horse, and its rider held a bow. And he was given a crown, and he rode out to overcome and conquer."
        },
        {
          "book": "Revelation",
          "chapter": 6,
          "verse": 3,
          "text": "And when the Lamb opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature say, “Come!”"
        },
        {
          "book": "Revelation",
          "chapter": 6,
          "verse": 4,
          "text": "Then another horse went forth. It was bright red, and its rider was granted permission to take away peace from the earth and to make men slay one another. And he was given a great sword."
        },
        {
          "book": "Revelation",
          "chapter": 6,
          "verse": 5,
          "text": "And when the Lamb opened the third seal, I heard the third living creature say, “Come!” Then I looked and saw a black horse, and its rider held in his hand a pair of scales."
        },
        {
          "book": "Revelation",
          "chapter": 6,
          "verse": 6,
          "text": "And I heard what sounded like a voice from among the four living creatures, saying, “A quart of wheat for a denarius, and three quarts of barley for a denarius, and do not harm the oil and wine.”"
        },
        {
          "book": "Revelation",
          "chapter": 6,
          "verse": 7,
          "text": "And when the Lamb opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creature say, “Come!”"
        },
        {
          "book": "Revelation",
          "chapter": 6,
          "verse": 8,
          "text": "Then I looked and saw a pale green horse. Its rider’s name was Death, and Hades followed close behind. And they were given authority over a fourth of the earth, to kill by sword, by famine, by plague, and by the beasts of the earth."
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "related": [
    {
      "range": [
        38006001,
        38006008
      ],
      "kind": "teaching",
      "note": "Zechariah’s colored horses and heavenly agents offer a prophetic comparison; the two visions are not identical.",
      "reference": "Zechariah 6:1–8",
      "translation": "bsb",
      "url": "https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Zechariah%206%3A1%E2%80%938&version=BSB"
    }
  ],
  "places": [],
  "mapPeriod": "revelation-asia",
  "further": [],
  "provenance": {
    "sources": [
      {
        "name": "editorial",
        "ref": "content/authored/revelation.json"
      }
    ],
    "review": "draft"
  },
  "eraName": "Revelation",
  "interactiveUrl": "https://wilderness-scripture-atlas.pages.dev/?event=revelation-four-horsemen",
  "attribution": [
    "Place coordinates from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding Data, CC BY 4.0.",
    "Teaching stops, summaries and regional extents are original editorial content of this atlas.",
    "Berean Standard Bible (BSB), public domain. https://berean.bible/licensing.htm"
  ],
  "translation": "bsb",
  "url": "https://wilderness-scripture-atlas.pages.dev/reference/events/revelation-four-horsemen/",
  "markdownUrl": "https://wilderness-scripture-atlas.pages.dev/reference/events/revelation-four-horsemen/index.md",
  "jsonUrl": "https://wilderness-scripture-atlas.pages.dev/reference/events/revelation-four-horsemen/index.json",
  "cautions": "Narrative order is a reading arrangement, not a proven chronology. Dates retain their stated uncertainty. An identified locality does not establish the exact venue or prove an event. Region extents and routes are illustrative, not surveyed boundaries or ancient roads. Draft material has not completed editorial review.",
  "revision": "4547a2f70603212b"
}