{
  "schemaVersion": 1,
  "kind": "event",
  "id": "meribah",
  "era": "exodus-wilderness",
  "order": 69,
  "title": "Water at Meribah; Moses’ failure",
  "group": "wilderness-formation",
  "date": {
    "kind": "approximate",
    "label": "c. 1407 BC · Year 40, first month (inferred)",
    "earliest": -1407,
    "latest": -1407,
    "note": "Numbers 20:1 gives the month but not the year; Aaron’s death in the fifth month of Year 40 follows shortly (Numbers 33:38)."
  },
  "pin": [
    34.422222,
    30.648333
  ],
  "pinConfidence": "Proposed site",
  "pinPlace": "openbible-ac2cef0",
  "summary": "Miriam dies at Kadesh. When the people quarrel with Moses for lack of water, God tells him to speak to the rock; instead Moses strikes it twice, and water gushes out. Because Moses and Aaron did not treat the LORD as holy before the people, they are told they will not bring Israel into the land.",
  "question": "Why is Moses’ failure here judged so seriously?",
  "passages": [
    {
      "reference": "Numbers 20:1–13",
      "range": [
        4020001,
        4020013
      ],
      "translation": "bsb",
      "url": "https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%2020%3A1%E2%80%9313&version=BSB",
      "availability": "bundled",
      "verses": [
        {
          "book": "Numbers",
          "chapter": 20,
          "verse": 1,
          "text": "In the first month, the whole congregation of Israel entered the Wilderness of Zin and stayed in Kadesh. There Miriam died and was buried."
        },
        {
          "book": "Numbers",
          "chapter": 20,
          "verse": 2,
          "text": "Now there was no water for the congregation, so they gathered against Moses and Aaron."
        },
        {
          "book": "Numbers",
          "chapter": 20,
          "verse": 3,
          "text": "The people quarreled with Moses and said, “If only we had perished with our brothers before the LORD!"
        },
        {
          "book": "Numbers",
          "chapter": 20,
          "verse": 4,
          "text": "Why have you brought the LORD’s assembly into this wilderness for us and our livestock to die here?"
        },
        {
          "book": "Numbers",
          "chapter": 20,
          "verse": 5,
          "text": "Why have you led us up out of Egypt to bring us to this wretched place? It is not a place of grain, figs, vines, or pomegranates—and there is no water to drink!”"
        },
        {
          "book": "Numbers",
          "chapter": 20,
          "verse": 6,
          "text": "Then Moses and Aaron went from the presence of the assembly to the entrance to the Tent of Meeting. They fell facedown, and the glory of the LORD appeared to them."
        },
        {
          "book": "Numbers",
          "chapter": 20,
          "verse": 7,
          "text": "And the LORD said to Moses,"
        },
        {
          "book": "Numbers",
          "chapter": 20,
          "verse": 8,
          "text": "“Take the staff and assemble the congregation. You and your brother Aaron are to speak to the rock while they watch, and it will pour out its water. You will bring out water from the rock and provide drink for the congregation and their livestock.”"
        },
        {
          "book": "Numbers",
          "chapter": 20,
          "verse": 9,
          "text": "So Moses took the staff from the LORD’s presence, just as he had been commanded."
        },
        {
          "book": "Numbers",
          "chapter": 20,
          "verse": 10,
          "text": "Then Moses and Aaron gathered the assembly in front of the rock, and Moses said to them, “Listen now, you rebels, must we bring you water out of this rock?”"
        },
        {
          "book": "Numbers",
          "chapter": 20,
          "verse": 11,
          "text": "Then Moses raised his hand and struck the rock twice with his staff, so that a great amount of water gushed out, and the congregation and their livestock were able to drink."
        },
        {
          "book": "Numbers",
          "chapter": 20,
          "verse": 12,
          "text": "But the LORD said to Moses and Aaron, “Because you did not trust Me to show My holiness in the sight of the Israelites, you will not bring this assembly into the land that I have given them.”"
        },
        {
          "book": "Numbers",
          "chapter": 20,
          "verse": 13,
          "text": "These were the waters of Meribah, where the Israelites quarreled with the LORD, and He showed His holiness among them."
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "related": [
    {
      "range": [
        5032051,
        5032052
      ],
      "kind": "recollection",
      "note": "God reminds Moses of Meribah-kadesh as he is told to climb Nebo.",
      "reference": "Deuteronomy 32:51–52",
      "translation": "bsb",
      "url": "https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy%2032%3A51%E2%80%9352&version=BSB"
    },
    {
      "range": [
        5001037,
        5001037
      ],
      "kind": "recollection",
      "note": "Moses: the LORD was angry with me also because of you.",
      "reference": "Deuteronomy 1:37",
      "translation": "bsb",
      "url": "https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy%201%3A37&version=BSB"
    },
    {
      "range": [
        19106032,
        19106033
      ],
      "kind": "recollection",
      "note": "The psalm recalls Moses’ rash words.",
      "reference": "Psalm 106:32–33",
      "translation": "bsb",
      "url": "https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm%20106%3A32%E2%80%9333&version=BSB"
    }
  ],
  "places": [
    {
      "id": "openbible-ac2cef0",
      "name": "Kadesh-barnea",
      "coordinate": [
        34.422222,
        30.648333
      ],
      "kind": "City",
      "confidence": "Proposed site",
      "confidenceSource": "editorial",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "OpenBible · site identifications",
          "url": "https://www.openbible.info/geo/ancient/ac2cef0/kadesh-barnea"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "mapPeriod": "late-bronze",
  "further": [
    {
      "label": "OpenBible · site identifications",
      "url": "https://www.openbible.info/geo/ancient/ac2cef0/kadesh-barnea"
    }
  ],
  "provenance": {
    "sources": [
      {
        "name": "editorial",
        "ref": "content/authored/exodus-wilderness.json"
      }
    ],
    "review": "draft"
  },
  "eraName": "Exodus & Wilderness",
  "interactiveUrl": "https://wilderness-scripture-atlas.pages.dev/?event=meribah",
  "attribution": [
    "Place coordinates from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding Data, CC BY 4.0.",
    "Teaching stops, summaries and regional extents are original editorial content of this atlas.",
    "Berean Standard Bible (BSB), public domain. https://berean.bible/licensing.htm"
  ],
  "translation": "bsb",
  "url": "https://wilderness-scripture-atlas.pages.dev/reference/events/meribah/",
  "markdownUrl": "https://wilderness-scripture-atlas.pages.dev/reference/events/meribah/index.md",
  "jsonUrl": "https://wilderness-scripture-atlas.pages.dev/reference/events/meribah/index.json",
  "cautions": "Narrative order is a reading arrangement, not a proven chronology. Dates retain their stated uncertainty. An identified locality does not establish the exact venue or prove an event. Region extents and routes are illustrative, not surveyed boundaries or ancient roads. Draft material has not completed editorial review.",
  "revision": "7a92fbe609a4c05b"
}